First-Principles-Driven Model-Based Current Profile Control for the DIII-D Tokamak via LQI Optimal Control
M.D. Boyer, J. Barton, E. Schuster, T.C. Luce, J.R. Ferron, M.L. Walker, D.A. Humphreys, B.G. Penaflor and R.D. Johnson
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 55 (2013) 105007 (18pp)
Abstract
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In tokamak fusion plasmas, control of the spatial distribution profile of the toroidal plasma current plays an
important role in realizing certain advanced operating scenarios. These scenarios, characterized by improved
confinement, magnetohydrodynamic stability, and a high fraction of non-inductively driven plasma current, could
enable steady-state reactor operation with high fusion gain. Current profile control experiments at the DIII-D
tokamak focus on using a combination of feedforward and feedback control to achieve a targeted current profile
during the ramp-up and early flat-top phases of the shot and then to actively maintain this profile during the
rest of the discharge. The dynamic evolution of the current profile is nonlinearly coupled with several plasma
parameters, motivating the design of model-based control algorithms that can exploit knowledge of the system to
achieve desired performance. In this work, we use a first-principles-driven, control-oriented model of the current
profile evolution in low confinement mode (L-mode) discharges in DIII-D to design a feedback control law for
regulating the profile around a desired trajectory. The model combines the magnetic diffusion equations with
empirical correlations for the electron temperature, resistivity, and non-inductive current drive. To improve
tracking performance of the system, a nonlinear input transformation is combined with a linear-quadratic-integral
(LQI) optimal controller designed to minimize a weighted combination of the tracking error and controller effort.
The resulting control law utilizes the total plasma current, total external heating power, and line averaged plasma
density as actuators. A simulation study was used to test the controller's performance and ensure correct
implementation in the DIII-D plasma control system prior to experimental testing. Experimental results are presented
that show the first-principles-driven model-based control scheme's successful rejection of input disturbances and
perturbed initial conditions, as well as target trajectory tracking.